2009 WI 45
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Supreme Court of |
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Case No.: |
2006AP1573 & 2006AP2290 |
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Complete Title: |
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Henry J. Krier and Badger Investment Realty, LLC f/k/a Vil-Kri Investments, LLC, Plaintiffs, Badger Disposal of WI, Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Donald N. Vilione and Virchow Krause & Company, LLP, Defendants-Respondents-Petitioners. Henry J. Krier, Badger Disposal of WI, Inc. and Badger Investment Realty, LLC, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Donald N. Vilione and Virchow Krause & Company, LLP, Defendants-Respondents-Petitioners. |
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REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS 2007 WI App 235 Reported at: 306 (Ct. App. 2007-Published) |
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Opinion Filed: |
June 10, 2009 |
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Submitted on Briefs: |
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Oral Argument: |
November 6, 2008
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Source of Appeal: |
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Court: |
Circuit |
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County: |
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Judge: |
Jeffrey A. Kremers and Jean W. Dimotto |
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Justices: |
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Concurred: |
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Dissented: |
BRADLEY, J., dissents (opinion filed). ABRAHAMSON, C.J., joins dissent. |
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Not Participating: |
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Attorneys: |
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For the defendants-respondents-petitioners there were briefs
filed by Ward I. Richter, William C.
Williams,
For the plaintiffs-appellants
there was a brief by Robert J. Gingras,
Michael J. Luebke, Eric J. Haag, and Gingras,
2009
WI 45
notice
This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports.
REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. Reversed.
¶1 ANNETTE KINGSLAND ZIEGLER, J. This is a review of a published court of appeals' decision[1] that reversed and remanded the decision of the Milwaukee County Circuit Court, Jeffrey A. Kremers and Jean W. DiMotto, Judges.[2] The circuit court granted the defendants'——Virchow Krause & Company, LLP, and Donald Vilione (collectively hereinafter "the accountants")——summary judgment motion thereby dismissing the claims of the plaintiffs, Henry J. Krier and Badger Investment Realty, LLC (f/k/a Vil-Kri Investments, LLC), but as to the plaintiff, Badger Disposal of WI, Inc. (f/k/a EOG Disposal, Inc.),[3] the accountants were granted partial summary judgment in that only EOG Disposal's claim against the accountants for $7,000 in damages survived because it arose out of Michael Vilione's alleged misappropriation from plaintiff, EOG Disposal. The court of appeals reversed the circuit court's dismissal of the plaintiffs' claims,[4] and as result, the accountants petitioned this court for review. We accepted review and now reverse the court of appeals' decision.
¶2 This case requires us to determine whether the plaintiffs, who are not shareholders in EOG Environmental,[5] have standing to make a claim against that corporation's accountants (who were also the plaintiffs' accountants) for damages because the accountants allegedly failed to disclose, failed to prevent, and assisted in the misappropriation of funds from EOG Environmental. The complaint alleges that had the accountants informed the plaintiffs of the misappropriations, they would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental. The damages sought by the plaintiffs are not for damages due to EOG Environmental or for damages to the plaintiffs prior to the discovery of the misappropriations. Rather, the plaintiffs' expert calculates damages for future, consequential loss to the plaintiffs despite the fact that they voluntarily and knowingly continued in a business relationship post-misappropriations. The expert calculates that the plaintiffs would have realized greater future profits had the accountants prevented one of EOG Environmental's owners from misappropriating funds or had the accountants warned the plaintiffs about the misappropriations. In other words, the plaintiffs allege that the accountants are liable to them even though the plaintiffs are separate and distinct entities with no shareholder interest in EOG Environmental, they voluntarily and knowingly continued to do business with that separate corporate entity, and they do not allege that they continued to do business based on any advice by the accountants.
¶3 We conclude that the court of appeals must be reversed because the summary judgment determination by the circuit court was correct. Therefore, we conclude that the plaintiffs, i.e., Vil-Kri, Krier, and EOG Disposal, lack standing to bring such claims against the accountants for their alleged role in the misappropriation of funds from EOG Environmental because, as explained in section III-A, ¶¶20-52, corporate law principles establish that the plaintiffs have no standing in this case, third-party liability precedent does not provide the plaintiffs with standing, and the damages claimed by the plaintiffs do not correspond with the claims alleged. However, as determined by the circuit court, EOG Disposal does have standing to assert claims against its own accountants, i.e., Donald Vilione and Virchow Krause & Co., for damages arising out of the accountants' actions when acting as EOG Disposal's accountant. To date, EOG Disposal has produced expert testimony to support a claim for $7,000 in damages.
¶4 Separately, as discussed in section III-B, ¶¶53-67, the plaintiffs' claims do not survive summary judgment because: (1) assuming the defendants owed the plaintiffs a duty of ordinary care, their negligence claims of accounting negligence, negligent training and supervision, and negligent misrepresentation would be barred on public policy grounds; and (2) their breach of fiduciary duty claim would be barred by the statute of limitations and the plaintiffs have not shown any damages that are tied to this claim.
I. BACKGROUND
¶5 In 1991, Krier and Michael Vilione formed three different corporations: EOG Environmental, EOG Disposal, and Vil-Kri. EOG Environmental, which is a sales, marketing, and waste collection corporation, was formed as a C-corporation.[6] EOG Disposal, which received and disposed of waste products by virtue of working with other waste disposal companies, was formed as an S-corporation.[7] Vil-Kri, the owner of the building that EOG Disposal leased for its business, was formed as a limited liability company (LLC).[8]
¶6 EOG Environmental, the C-corporation, was owned by Michael Vilione (47.17%), Krier (47.17%), Jeff Vilione (5%), and Kandy Schmit (0.66%). EOG Disposal, the S-corporation, was owned by Michael Vilione (50%) and Krier (50%). Vil-Kri, the limited liability company, was owned by Michael Vilione (50%) and Krier (50%).
¶7 Donald Vilione, i.e., the accountant, a partner in the accounting firm of Virchow Krause & Co., was the accountant for each of the three corporations and Krier's personal accountant until approximately January 31, 2003. Donald Vilione and Michael Vilione are brothers.
¶8 Between December 1, 1995, and December 11, 2002, Michael Vilione allegedly misappropriated over $1.2 million from EOG Environmental and $7,000 from EOG Disposal. Krier discovered the misappropriations in 2002, and as a result, he instituted litigation on January 3, 2003, against Michael Vilione alleging fraud and misappropriations of funds.[9]
¶9 On January 31, 2003, Krier and Michael Vilione reached a comprehensive settlement agreement with regard to that litigation. This was also the approximate date that Krier and his entities ceased to employ the accountants. In the settlement agreement, Michael Vilione became the sole owner of the C-corporation, EOG Environmental. As a part of that agreement, Krier conveyed all of his common stock in EOG Environmental to Michael Vilione. Also as a part of that agreement, Krier became the sole owner of the S-corporation, EOG Disposal, and he also became the sole owner of the limited liability company, Vil-Kri. Similarly, Michael Vilione conveyed all of his common stock in EOG Disposal to Krier. In addition, Michael Vilione sold his ownership interest in Vil-Kri to Krier for the sum of $95,000. However, Michael Vilione and Krier also agreed to continue doing business together for approximately the next two years. As part of the agreement, all debts Krier owed to EOG Environmental were eliminated and all debts Michael Vilione owed to EOG Disposal and Vil-Kri were eliminated. In addition, under the agreement Krier, EOG Disposal, and Vil-Kri released Michael Vilione and EOG Environmental from all claims "from the beginning of time to the date of execution of th[e] Release." In the agreement, Michael Vilione and EOG Environmental also released Krier, EOG Disposal, and Vil-Kri of all claims "from the beginning of time to the date of execution of th[e] Release." However, in the agreement, Krier, EOG Disposal, and Vil-Kri reserved the right to file an action against Michael Vilione's brother, i.e., Donald Vilione, who was the accountant. Donald Vilione was not a party to that lawsuit or the settlement agreement.
¶10 On January 20, 2005, nearly two years after Krier had divested himself of any interest in EOG Environmental and approximately two years from filing the lawsuit regarding the misappropriations, Krier, EOG Disposal, and Vil-Kri[10] filed an action against the accountants. The plaintiffs alleged that had the accountants informed them of the misappropriations from EOG Environmental or stopped the misappropriations, they would have ceased to do business with EOG Environmental. They then offer an expert's opinion that the misappropriation of funds from EOG Environmental caused the plaintiffs' businesses to have a future, consequential reduced value. The plaintiffs' complaint asserted ten causes of action: violation of Wis. Stat. § 134.01 (2007-08),[11] injury to business; civil conspiracy; accounting negligence; breach of fiduciary duty; negligent training and supervision; negligent misrepresentation; strict responsibility misrepresentation; misrepresentation-intentional deceit; violation of Wis. Stat. §§ 895.80 (2003-04) and 943.20, civil theft; and violation of the Wisconsin Organized Crime Control Act. In short, the plaintiffs alleges that the defendants either (1) failed to discover the alleged misappropriations; (2) knew of the misappropriations but "fail[ed] to disclose" or prevent them; or (3) "acted together" "purposefully" and "intentionally" with Michael Vilione to allegedly misappropriate the funds.
¶11 Even though the complaint is that had the accountants acted properly, the plaintiffs would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental, the plaintiffs' expert renders an opinion about post-misappropriation damages. The expert essentially opines that post-settlement and after the accountants no longer worked as the plaintiffs' accountants, EOG Disposal and Vil-Kri would have produced greater income had Michael Vilione not previously misappropriated funds from EOG Environmental. In fact, the plaintiffs' expert characterized the loss——naming it "the Krier Loss"——at approximately $11 million.[12] The plaintiffs' expert also concluded that the accountants caused a $7,000 loss to EOG Disposal when acting as EOG Disposal's accountant. The accountants do not appeal the determination that the $7,000 claim survives summary judgment.
¶12 At the circuit court, the accountants' motion for summary judgment was based on the premise that the plaintiffs were precluded as a matter of law from recovering damages because they lacked standing to assert a claim for relief based on alleged misappropriation from EOG Environmental. As outlined previously, the circuit court granted the accountants' summary judgment motion with the exception that EOG Disposal could continue its claim so long as the damages were not based on the initial misappropriation from EOG Environmental, i.e., the $7,000 loss survives. After hearing a motion to reconsider by the plaintiffs, the circuit court confirmed its initial summary judgment determination. The circuit court reasoned that Krier could not assert a claim for damages done to the corporations, and EOG Disposal and Vil-Kri failed to show they suffered any "direct" damages because of the accountants' conduct except that EOG Disposal showed it suffered a $7,000 loss due to the actions of the accountant.
¶13 The plaintiffs appealed, and the court of appeals reversed the circuit court's decision and remanded. The court of appeals concluded that "(1) the trial court failed to follow the standard methodology when it determined that summary judgment was appropriate; (2) accountants are liable for all damages that flow from their misconduct; and (3) Krier has standing to recover damages."
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶14 "Whether the circuit court properly granted summary judgment
is a question of law that this court reviews de novo." Schmidt v.
N. States Power Co., 2007 WI 136, ¶24,
305
III. ANALYSIS
¶15 In this appeal, the plaintiffs argue that the defendant accountants are liable to them because they allegedly failed to discover, prevent, or because they played a role in the misappropriation of funds from EOG Environmental by Michael Vilione. The crux of the plaintiffs' claim for damages relates to the fact that they would have discontinued doing business with EOG Environmental had they known of the misappropriations. The plaintiffs' expert renders an opinion regarding the diminution in value of the plaintiffs' entities, which occurred post-settlement and after the accountants were no longer the plaintiffs' accountants. The expert opines that the plaintiffs' business decreased as a result of the misappropriation of assets from EOG Environmental. The record reflects that the plaintiffs chose to continue conducting business with EOG Environmental, regardless of the misappropriations and it is not alleged that the accountants played any role in that decision.
¶16 The accountants, on the other hand, argue that the plaintiffs lack standing to assert such claims for relief because the plaintiffs are not current shareholders of EOG Environmental and allowing such claims to proceed would unreasonably expand accountant liability.
¶17 We agree with the accountants and therefore reverse the court of appeals' decision.
¶18 In summary: The plaintiffs do not have standing to assert these claims against the defendant for at least three reasons. First, the plaintiffs' claims are inconsistent with traditional corporate law principles and the damages sought are far beyond that afforded to a plaintiff in a derivative action. In order to initiate a derivative action, a plaintiff must be a current shareholder of the subject corporation. Second, the plaintiffs' claims are quite distinguishable from accountant third-party liability jurisprudence, which has traditionally allowed claims for the foreseeable injuries resulting from the accountant's negligent acts, i.e., the injuries that result when a third party takes action based upon reasonable reliance on misinformation provided by an accountant. Third, the damages claimed by the plaintiffs do not correspond with the claims alleged.
¶19 Separately, as discussed in section III-B, ¶¶53-67, the plaintiffs' claims do not survive summary judgment because: (1) assuming the defendants owed the plaintiffs a duty of ordinary care, their negligence claims, as discussed in ¶¶54-57, of accounting negligence, negligent training and supervision, and negligent misrepresentation would be barred on public policy grounds; and (2) as discussed in ¶¶58-67, their breach of fiduciary duty claim would be barred by the statute of limitations and the plaintiffs have not shown any damages that are tied to this claim.
A. Standing
¶20 While an accountant has a duty to his or her client and may have a
duty to a third party under certain circumstances, that party must still have
standing to bring an action. "'Standing'
is a concept that restricts access to judicial remedy to those who have
suffered some injury because of something that someone else has either done or
not done." Three T's Trucking v.
Kost, 2007 WI App 158, ¶16, 303 Wis. 2d 681, 736 N.W.2d 239. The law of standing should be liberally
construed, and as such, standing is satisfied when a party has a personal stake
in the outcome. City of
¶21 In this case, the plaintiffs assert that their claims are viable because they are not praying for damages to EOG Environmental. Rather, they are seeking damages to their corporate entities and personally because the misappropriation from EOG Environmental caused a diminution in the value of their corporations——EOG Disposal and Vil-Kri——and Krier's stock in those corporations. However, the complaint alleges that had they been properly informed, they would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental.
¶22 While the law of standing is to be liberally construed, this theory
of liability set forth by the plaintiffs is not recognized in Wisconsin
jurisprudence, and we will not pave the way for such relief with today's
decision because corporate law principles establish that the plaintiffs have no
standing to seek these damages in this case.
Third-party liability precedent does not convey standing to the
plaintiffs, and the damages claimed by the plaintiffs do not correspond with
the claims alleged. While we certainly
do not condone accountant misconduct, the plaintiffs in this case do not have
standing to bring these claims for these damages.
1. Corporate law principles
¶23 The plaintiffs' argument regarding standing has never before been
acknowledged in
¶24 In this case, each of the three corporations are separate corporate
entities. Each corporation was
specifically classified: a C-corporation, an S-corporation, or a limited
liability company. See 2 Jay E.
Grenig & Nathan A.
¶25 A
particular type of corporation may be the preferred method of doing business
for any number of reasons including tax and liability implications, see id.
at §§ 50.1, 50.20—50.36, and these individuals chose to operate a business
by creating separate and distinct corporate entities. Presumably, Krier and Michael Vilione made a
conscious decision to create three different corporations with different types
of corporate entities to carry out their operations. While they likely enjoyed certain advantages
from doing business as three separate corporate entities, they also are bound
by the disadvantages of forming separate corporations. See Terry v. Yancey, 344 F.2d
789, 790 (4th Cir. 1965) (stating "where an individual creates a
corporation as a means of carrying out his business purposes he may not ignore
the existence of the corporation in order to avoid its disadvantages").
¶26 The
plaintiffs essentially assert that because the entities function as one overall
business, corporate principles ought to be overlooked in the interest of
justice. However, when Krier and Michael
Vilione were joint owners of the three entities, if one of their corporate
entities were being sued, Krier and Michael Vilione would not likely suggest
that the corporations were actually interdependent such that the assets of all
three entities would be available for damages.
In fact, in a business such as waste disposal, there may be deliberate
reasons to separate the entity that holds assets from other entities that might
have greater exposure to liability. One
cannot maintain the corporate structure when it inures to one's benefit and
then ignore the constraints of corporate law when it does not. These parties formed separate entities that
remain separate entities.
¶27 We would abandon fundamental corporate law principles if we
accepted the plaintiffs' theory of standing and liability. Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of
Corporations provides that a corporation does not "have independent
standing to sue for injuries done to a sister or subsidiary corporation,
despite the fact that their businesses are intertwined and the success of one
is dependent on that of the other."
1 William Meade Fletcher, Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations
§ 36 at 95-96
(perm. ed., rev. vol. 2006) (citing Picture Lake Campground, Inc. v. Holiday
Inns, Inc., 497 F. Supp. 858 (E.D.
¶28 By way of example, in
First Management has no independent standing to sue
simply because the business and property interest of First Management and
To have standing to sue for
damages for tortious injury to business or property, First Management must have
an interest in the business or property allegedly injured. In addition, just as a stockholder of a
corporation has no standing to sue third parties for wrongs inflicted by those
third parties upon the business and property interest of the corporation, it is
evident that First Management has no standing to sue Holiday Inns for wrongs
allegedly inflicted by Holiday Inns on the business or property interest of
Picture Lake. Moreover, the Court
believes that First Management has no standing to sue for injuries inflicted
indirectly or consequentially upon the business or property interest of First
Management as a result of the alleged tortious conduct of Holiday Inns towards
¶29 The damages to EOG Environmental belong to EOG Environmental and as a result, EOG Environmental or its shareholders could have made a claim against the accountants. However, Krier, as an individual who is not a current shareholder of EOG Environmental, lacks standing to file an action on EOG Environmental's behalf and even if he was a current shareholder, his standing would be in the form of a derivative action rather than a direct action.
¶30 Had Krier, when he was a shareholder of EOG Environmental, brought a derivative action to recover the corporate loss, EOG Environmental would have been made whole in 2002. Had EOG Environmental been made whole at that time, plaintiffs' current claims for consequential damage would be nonexistent. When Krier was still a shareholder of EOG Environmental, he had an opportunity to significantly limit or eliminate the future damages that he now seeks to recover. Instead he chose to enter into a new business relationship and now wishes to recover for that choice.
¶31 It is logical then that when misappropriations from a corporation
occur, the right of action belongs to the corporation. See Rose v. Schantz, 56
¶32 In this case, however, Krier can no longer even bring a derivative
action based on the misappropriations from EOG Environmental because he is no
longer a shareholder in EOG Environmental.
See
¶33 If the plaintiffs' theory were to survive and they were allowed to
bring a claim for damages to their entities because of a misappropriation to a
separate entity to which they have no status as shareholder, they would be
placed in a better position than a shareholder of the victim corporation. Certainly a shareholder of the victim
corporation should not be placed in an inferior status to third-party entities
that were affected by the misappropriation.
We know that a shareholder does not have the right to pursue those
individual damages for the affect of wrongdoing to a corporation. Rose, 56
¶34 Because Krier is a shareholder of EOG Disposal and Vil-Kri, he may
be able to bring a derivative action against the accountant for the
accountants' failures with regard to Michael Vilione's misappropriations from
EOG Disposal or Vil-Kri. Rose, 56
2. Third-party liability
¶35 The plaintiffs fail to provide the court with any third-party liability authority that would lead us to recognize that they have standing to pursue these claims for these damages. The plaintiffs fail to set forth any case that goes so far as to let Corporation X file an action against Corporation Y's accountant for the accountant's failures with regard to the work he performed for Corporation Y solely because the financial problems of Corporation Y caused less growth in the value of Corporation X. The plaintiffs' claims fall short of showing a breach of an independent duty that the accountant owed to them and how these damages resulted from that breach. The plaintiffs' claims paint with too broad of a brush.
¶36 The trial court aptly illustrated the flaw of applying third-party liability to the case at issue and how that theory would expand liability. The trial court outlined that if someone was stealing from a car-seat maker that supplied General Motors and the thefts resulted in General Motors being unable to pay bills because it could not make cars without seats, under the plaintiffs' theory, General Motors could bring an action against the car-seat maker's accountant——who is also General Motors' accountant——for his failures. This hypothetical illustrates the absurdity of the plaintiffs' argument. If the plaintiffs' theory prevailed, there would be no limit to the kinds of claims that other persons who have a "relationship" with a corporation could bring, and thus, available claims for relief would only be limited by one's imagination.
¶37 The extent to which an accountant can be held liable to a third party has been addressed by Wisconsin law in Citizens State Bank v. Timm, Schmidt & Co., S.C., 113 Wis. 2d 376, 335 N.W.2d 361 (1983) and Chevron Chemical Co. v. Deloitte & Touche, 168 Wis. 2d 323, 483 N.W.2d 314 (Ct. App. 1992), but the facts before this court here are distinguishable from the facts of those cases. The nexus in those cases between the accountant's acts and the resultant damages have a sound basis in law and fact, but to extend such third-party jurisprudence to the facts of this case would run afoul of those logical principles and open the floodgates to litigation. This logic stands consistent with Wisconsin's adoption of the minority viewpoint of Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928) (Andrews, J., dissenting) and our precedent that there can also be a limit to the scope of a duty and to when and where that duty may arise.[15]
¶38 The plaintiffs, relying on Citizens and Chevron in an
attempt to show standing, argue that their third-party liability claims are firmly
rooted in
¶39 In Citizens, the Timm accounting firm prepared financial
statements and an opinion letter for Clintonville Fire Apparatus, Inc., to use
in obtaining a loan. Timm represented
that "the financial statements fairly presented the financial condition of
[Clintonville Fire Apparatus] and that the statements were prepared in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles." Citizens, 113
¶40 This court determined that privity of contract was not required in
order for the accountant to be liable to a third party and instead concluded
that accepted principles of Wisconsin negligence law should govern.
¶41 Similarly, in Chevron the court of appeals applied this same
logic when assessing third-party liability of an accountant. In Chevron, the American Fuel &
Supply Co., Inc. hired Deloitte to independently audit American Fuel. Chevron, 168
¶42 Because the accountant prepared the statements in Chevron,
knowing that a third party would rely upon them, and the third party took
action based on those financial statements to their specific detriment, the
accountant could be held responsible on the basis of third-party
liability.
¶43 Citizens and Chevron provide significant guidance
regarding third-party liability of an accountant. While privity of contract is not required for
an accountant to be liable to a third party, these cases demonstrate the kind
of foreseeable reliance to one's detriment that can reasonably create a
third-party cause of action against an accountant. In both Citizens and Chevron,
the accountant, the third party, and the accountant's client formed a
"triangular-relationship." The
client relied on the third party to receive a loan, and the third party relied
on the accountant's documentation to determine whether to loan the money. In Citizens and Chevron, the
accountant, the client, and the bank or creditor were all aware of the fact
that the statements were prepared for the bank or creditor to review and that
based upon that information, the bank or creditor would decide whether to loan
money or extend credit. As a result, the
accountant could reasonably be held liable to that third party for his or her
malpractice.
¶44 In order for an accountant to bear responsibility to a third party, the third party must have done something to its detriment based upon the accountant's information. Here, there is no such claim that the plaintiffs took action in reliance on information provided by the accountants. The plaintiffs do not claim that they relied on the accountants' inaccurate work product and as a result, loaned money to the other corporations or took action to their detriment.
¶45 Unlike Citizens or Chevron, the plaintiffs do not make claim for a specific loss that was caused by their relying on the accountants' misinformation. At most, the plaintiffs assert that the accountants, Michael Vilione, and Krier attended a meeting in January of 1999 where Krier inquired about the state of the "enterprise," but that the accountants did not inform Krier at that time about the misappropriations and instead told Krier that the corporations were not worth anything. The plaintiffs' claims and damages here, however, do not relate to any loss caused to them by the accountants' statements at this meeting. They do not allege damages based on action that they took because of the accountants' statements. The accountants' statements in this meeting do not tether to quantifiable damages alleged here by the plaintiffs.
¶46 The case before the court is distinguishable from Citizens
and Chevron, and it does not remedy the plaintiffs' problem that the
damages are to EOG Environmental. At
most, the plaintiffs' proof shows that the value of EOG Disposal and Vil-Kri
was diminished because of the misappropriations from EOG Environmental, and as
a result, EOG Disposal was not able to expand its facilities. As stated previously, however, the
plaintiffs' claims against the accountants for diminished value are not viable
under the facts of this case. The plaintiffs' claims and the
future consequential damages they seek are far removed from the facts of Chevron
or Citizens.
3.
Damages
¶47 The parties spend a significant amount of time arguing over the damages calculation made by the plaintiffs' expert. While the calculation is certainly questionable, we have other concerns regarding the damages sought by the plaintiffs.
¶48 First, the expert's calculation of damages is based upon future, consequential damages post-settlement of the misappropriation claim. The origination of the damage calculation is remotely based upon the alleged misappropriation of funds from EOG Environmental. The plaintiffs' complaint alleges that they would have ceased to do business with EOG Environmental had they known of the misappropriations. However, the expert's calculations do not support that allegation.
¶49 Second, the plaintiffs assert that had they known about the misappropriations they would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental and thus limited their potential damages. However, this assertion is disingenuous because the plaintiffs voluntarily continued to do business with EOG Environmental even though the plaintiffs claim that they would have ended the business relationship. After learning of the misappropriations and filing suit against Michael Vilione, Krier settled his claims with Michael Vilione. As part of that settlement agreement, Krier chose to relinquish all status as a shareholder, not file an action while he was a shareholder, and instead agreed to continue a business relationship with Michael Vilione's corporation——a separate corporate entity——for two years. It is not alleged that the accountants had any role in that decision to continue doing business together.
¶50 Additionally, despite knowing of the misappropriations and even contemplating making claims against the accountants around the time of the settlement agreement, Krier did not bring any claims against the accountant at that time. Rather, two years after relinquishing all status as a shareholder, he filed this lawsuit against the accountants for unrealized business growth to his separate corporate entities.
¶51 In summary, the plaintiffs knew of the alleged misappropriations in 2002; they filed a lawsuit for that alleged wrongdoing, but only against the other shareholder. Krier did not seek relief for EOG Environmental by derivative claim; the record indicates that the plaintiffs contemplated making a claim against the accountants in the 2002 lawsuit but did not. The plaintiffs continued to do business with the alleged wrongdoer for another two years post-settlement and now claim that they would have ceased to do business with that corporation had the accountants told them of the misappropriations; and, the damages the plaintiffs seek relate to the two-year time period when they continued to do business post-settlement.
¶52 Simply stated, the plaintiffs' claims for future consequential damages fail considering the allegations of the complaint. The plaintiffs claim that they would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental had they known of the misappropriations and that the accountants shirked their responsibility in not warning them of the misappropriations. However, the plaintiffs contracted to do business with EOG Environmental for two years after knowing about the misappropriations. Now they wish to recover from another for that knowing and voluntary choice.
B. Plaintiffs' claims are not otherwise viable
¶53 Separately, the plaintiffs' claims would not survive summary judgment for the following reasons: First, the negligence claims in this case could also be precluded on public policy grounds. Second, the plaintiffs' breach of fiduciary duty claim is barred by the statute of limitations and the plaintiffs' damages are not tied to this claim.
1. Negligence claims
¶54 Aside
from the reasons set forth thus far, the plaintiffs' claims could also be
precluded on public policy grounds.
Despite that "a plaintiff adequately establishes all four elements
of a common-law negligence claim,
¶55 Public policy is therefore another basis for precluding the plaintiffs' claims. First, as we discussed above with regard to this case, there would be no sensible or just stopping point if the plaintiffs' claims prevailed. If the plaintiffs' claims were to survive, any business could sue another business's advisor whenever that business advice negatively affects the plaintiffs' business, even if the plaintiff chooses to remain in business with the wrongdoer. In other words, the plaintiffs' claims assume that they have a right to require a separate entity to continue to do business in a manner that benefits them and that a business advisor of that entity has a duty to keep them abreast of that other entities' wellbeing. The plaintiffs' theory would open the floodgates to litigation.
¶56 Second, the damages sought by the plaintiffs would have no sensible stopping point. Had the parties decided to do business for four years instead of two, would they be entitled to twice as much in damages? Moreover, if the plaintiffs' theory survived, an accountant could be subjected to paying endless damages to multiple claimants for the same alleged wrongful act. For example, if EOG Disposal was to recover from the accountants, nothing would preclude any other affected entity from also filing an action against the accountants. Absent some special relationship between that accountant and the entities, corporate law principles do not provide support for the alleged avenue of relief. In this case, a new party claims to be affected by another entities' reduced value. Could a third party then sue these plaintiffs and recover for the fact that the third party was not warned of EOG Environmental's corporate shortcomings despite the fact that the plaintiffs here knew of the misappropriation at EOG Environmental? Where would it stop?
¶57 Third, fraudulent claims could flourish under the plaintiffs' theory because corporations could assert that they would have done business differently and thus been more profitable had they known the full financial status of the other corporation; yet how does one necessarily know what a corporation would have done had they known about another's financial troubles? These questions also bear out the lack of a sensible stopping point.
2. Breach of fiduciary duty claim
¶58 While we do not
approve of or encourage accountants to breach any fiduciary duty owed to a
client, the breach of fiduciary duty claim in this case is not viable because
the statute of limitations bars that claim.
Any misappropriation by Michael Vilione, which the accountants allegedly
assisted in, occurred between 1998 and 2002 pursuant to the plaintiffs'
complaint. Yet, the plaintiffs did not
bring any claims against the accountants until January 20, 2005.
¶59 However,
even if the breach of fiduciary duty claim was not barred by the statute of
limitations, the breach of fiduciary duty claim would not survive summary
judgment in this case for three reasons.
¶60 First,
the plaintiffs have not shown any damages that are tied to this
claim. The damages here do not relate to misappropriations that
occurred prior to 2002, which is when the alleged breach of duty would have
occurred. Rather, any damages here are
for a time period after the lawsuit was brought against Michael Vilione, and as
a result, the damages do not support a breach of fiduciary duty claim.
¶61 Second, the plaintiffs, in part, base their breach of fiduciary duty claim on the allegation that the accountants allegedly concealed and conspired with Michael Vilione to misappropriate funds from EOG Environmental and that they fraudulently represented the financial status of the corporations in January of 1999. However, the summary judgment record is devoid of anything that would support such allegations.
¶62 Third, the plaintiffs, in part, seem to assert that the defendants should have informed the plaintiffs of the misappropriations from EOG Environmental and by failing to make such disclosures, the defendants breached a duty to the plaintiffs. We disagree.
¶63 The plaintiffs seek to impose a much broader duty on an accountant to inform any other person or entity when that accountant's client is in financial trouble and that trouble could impact the other's business in the future.
¶64 The plaintiffs do not allege that the accountants in this case, like in Citizens and Chevron, had a duty to Krier personally or his entities that were breached and resulted in corresponding damages. Instead, the plaintiffs allege that had the accountants done their job properly, the plaintiffs would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental. The plaintiffs do not allege the accountants breached a duty that corresponds with the expert testimony of damages.
¶65 Moreover, an accountant who discloses information about another
client could breach the accountant's duty of confidentiality. See
¶66 While it has some
appeal to ignore the separate corporate status in the case at hand because two
individuals jointly own the three corporations, the accountants' duty of
confidentiality is not complicated in a more traditional setting. When entities have a separate and distinct
corporate status, if and when an accountant discovers a problem with one
corporation, the accountant does not have an automatic duty to inform all
clients who may have an interest in doing business with the corporation of that
corporation's shortcomings. Here,
assuming that the accountants discovered the misappropriations at EOG
Environmental, the accountants' duty to inform may extend to EOG Environmental
or Michael Vilione and Krier in their capacities as shareholders, but that duty
does not automatically extend to separate entities such as Krier, EOG Disposal,
or Vil-Kri. In this case, the allegations
in the complaint and the plaintiff expert's opinion regarding damages do not
correspond to an alleged breach of duty by the accountant.
¶67 If the plaintiffs had any viable claim against the defendants with regard to breaching a duty that an accountant owes a client, it would likely be in regard to a conflict of interest violation.[18] Instead, at most, the plaintiffs claim that they would have ceased to do business with EOG Environmental earlier had they discovered the misappropriations. The facts bear out that even after they knew of the misappropriations, they continued to do business together.
IV. CONCLUSION
¶68 We conclude that the court of appeals' decision must be reversed because the summary judgment determination by the circuit court was correct. Therefore, we conclude that the plaintiffs, i.e., Vil-Kri, Krier, and EOG Disposal, lack standing to bring such claims against the accountants for their alleged role in the misappropriation of funds from EOG Environmental because, as explained in section III-A, ¶¶20-52, corporate law principles establish that the plaintiffs have no standing in this case; third-party liability precedent does not provide the plaintiffs with standing, and the damages claimed by the plaintiffs are not based upon viable claims. However, as determined by the circuit court, EOG Disposal does have standing to assert claims against its own accountants, i.e., Donald Vilione and Virchow Krause & Co., for damages arising out of the accountants' action when acting as EOG Disposal's accountant. To date, EOG Disposal has produced expert testimony to support a claim for $7,000 in damages.
¶69 Separately, as discussed in section III-B, ¶¶53-67, the plaintiffs' claims do not survive summary judgment because: (1) assuming the defendants owed the plaintiffs a duty of ordinary care, their negligence claims of accounting negligence, negligent training and supervision, and negligent misrepresentation would be barred on public policy grounds; and (2) their breach of fiduciary duty claim would be barred by the statute of limitations and the plaintiffs have not shown any damages that are tied to this claim.
By the Court.—The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.
¶70 ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J. (dissenting). I agree with the analysis and conclusion of a
unanimous court of appeals that the plaintiffs "have asserted their own
claims for damages, which are separate from those that could allegedly be
claimed by EOG Environmental." See
Krier v. Vilione, 2007 WI App 235, ¶24, 306
¶71 The majority, however, disagrees with the court of appeals and concludes that Henry Krier has no standing to assert a claim. It determines that Krier's claims are not his own, but rather are claims that could only be made by shareholders of EOG Environmental. See majority op., ¶31.
¶72 Even if we would assume that the majority was correct and that standing to bring these claims could be conferred solely on shareholders of EOG Environmental, the majority erroneously concludes that Krier, as a shareholder, would be entitled to bring only a derivative claim. See id. Instead, the conclusion should be that Krier can maintain a direct claim for an injury primarily to himself as a shareholder of EOG Environmental.
¶73 I write separately to highlight the majority's cursory and erroneous analysis of the issue actually presented and to emphasize that its conclusion directly contradicts this court's recent decision in Notz v. Everett Smith Group, Ltd.[19] Additionally, I take issue with the majority's mischaracterization of the plaintiffs' allegations and its unbridled tendency to reach out and decide issues not briefed in this case. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
I
¶74 Henry
Krier was a 47 percent shareholder in EOG Environmental until 2003. He has produced evidence that, over a
period of four years, EOG Environmental's director and shareholder Michael
Vilione routinely took money from the corporation for his personal use. A partial list of Michael's personal
"withdrawals" from corporate accounts includes: checks payable
directly to Michael or his wife totaling $469,640; $98,502 for household
expenses for Michael's family; $85,583 for Michael's automobile expenses; another
$182,608 for what appear to be more personal and household expenses, and an
$11,000 payment on the purchase of a vacation home in
¶75 Krier alleges that EOG Environmental's accountant, Donald Vilione,
"knowingly falsified the accounting records for the enterprise to cover up
and conceal the misappropriation of enterprise funds[.]" A report submitted by Krier's expert
accountant lists various accounting tricks used in furtherance of this
purpose. The complaint alleges a number
of interrelated claims including accounting negligence, negligent
misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, conspiracy, injury to business,
and violation of the Wisconsin Organized Crime Control Act.[20]
¶76 The issue is
whether Krier has standing to maintain a direct action against the
accountants. The answer depends on
whether their actions resulted in an injury primarily to Krier, or an injury
primarily to the corporation. See
majority op., ¶31 (citing Rose v. Schantz, 56
¶77 On the question of whether the injury was primarily to the
corporation or to Krier, the majority's analysis is brief and conclusory:
"It is logical . . . that when
misappropriations from a corporation occur, the right of action belongs to the
corporation." Majority op., ¶31. Thus ends the analysis.[21]
¶78
¶79 In Jorgensen II, three couples were the sole directors of a
close corporation and they owned equal shares.
¶80 The circuit court determined that "it was obvious" that
these director's fees were "related to profits of the corporation"
rather than salaries paid "as compensation for work done."
¶81 The
court of appeals concluded that an injury is "primarily an injury to an
individual shareholder" when it "affects a shareholder's rights in a
manner distinct from the effect upon other shareholders."
¶82 In this case, however, the majority fails to apply the Jorgensen
II test.[22] Without analysis, the majority states that
"when misappropriations from a corporation occur, the right of action
belongs to the corporation." See
majority op., ¶31. The majority never examines whether Krier's
rights were affected in a manner distinct from the effect upon another
shareholder, Michael Vilione.
¶83 When
the Jorgensen II test is faithfully applied, however, one must conclude
that Krier's rights were affected in a manner distinct from the effect upon
Michael Vilione. According to the
allegations, Michael was paying himself a direct distribution of EOG
Environmental's profits, unrelated to any work that Michael did for the
corporation. Due to the
misappropriation and the coverup, the
value of Krier's investment was driven into the ground. At the same time, Michael Vilione directly
profited. This is not a case where all
shareholders were affected equally by misappropriation from the
corporation. Instead, the injury was
primarily to Krier, and he can assert a direct claim against Donald Vilione.
II
¶84 In
addition to its failure to apply the primary injury test, the majority's
conclusion directly contradicts our recent holding in Notz v. Everett Smith
Group Ltd. See __
¶85 In
Notz, this court held that when a "constructive
dividend" is distributed to some shareholders but not to others, the
shareholders who did not receive the dividend can bring a direct claim. __
¶86 To be clear, there were no actual "dividends" paid in Notz. See id., ¶24. Nonetheless, this court focused on the fact
that the due diligence expenditure financially benefitted the controlling
shareholder, but the minority shareholder received no corresponding financial
benefit.
¶87 The giving of the "constructive dividend" in Notz
differed little from putting a check for that amount directly in the pocket of
the controlling shareholder. The court
in Notz concluded that this same type of disparate treatment "was
at issue in Jorgensen II because the defendants had 'stopped paying
plaintiffs the pro rata distribution from the corporation's cash flow while
they continued to pay themselves regular distributions'" and therefore
"'they treated plaintiffs differently, and inequitably, when compared with
the treatment accorded all other shareholders.'"
¶88 In this case, Michael Vilione was the sole "beneficiary" of the embezzled funds and "there was never any intention for [Krier] to benefit in any way" from the money that was taken out of the corporation. See id. The funds that Michael Vilione took from EOG Environmental were not paid as compensation for his services to the corporation. Instead, it is alleged that they were misappropriated corporate profits. With Donald Vilione's assistance, Michael in essence put a check for over $1.2 million of the corporation's profits directly into his own pocket. Krier did not, and it was never intended that he would receive a corresponding share.
¶89 This case and Notz are in direct conflict. In Notz, one shareholder got a disproportionate financial benefit. It was as though one shareholder was able to put money in its pocket while another was not. The court concluded that because one shareholder did not receive the same financial benefit as the other, a direct claim could be maintained. In this case, Michael Vilione actually did put corporate money in his pocket, yet the majority concludes that Krier, who did not receive the benefit, has no direct claim. Ultimately, due to this conflict with Notz, the majority here confuses the law, giving practitioners and judges no real guidance.
III
¶90 The majority's analysis is further undermined when it repeatedly misstates the central allegations of the plaintiffs' complaint. Time and time again throughout the opinion, the majority states: "The complaint alleges that had the accountants informed the plaintiffs of the misappropriations, they would have ceased doing business with EOG Environmental." Majority op., ¶2; see also id. ¶¶10, 11, 15, 21, 48, 49, 51, 52, 67.
¶91 Nowhere in the complaint can you find the allegation as misstated by the majority. Instead the allegation the majority apparently relies upon provides that he would have discontinued his partnership with Michael Vilione:
Had Henry Krier been aware of the fact that defendant Vilione was assisting and conspiring with his brother Michael Vilione to misappropriate and convert money and fraudulently conceal the true financial state of the companies, then Mr. Krier would not have continued to employ defendants Vilione and Virchow Krause as accountants, nor would he have continued to associate with Michael Vilione as a business partner, nor would he have allowed the misappropriation and conversion of company monies.
Complaint ¶39 (emphasis added).
¶92 Indeed, that is exactly what Krier did in 2002 after he found out about the misappropriations. He discontinued associating "with Michael Vilione as a business partner." As set forth in the allegations of the complaint, he concluded that Michael Vilione was engaging in an illegal activity, embezzling money from the corporation as well as cheating on taxes.
¶93 The complaint alleges that Michael Vilione cheated the IRS by charging the corporation for a variety of personal expenses that were not deductible business expenses, including $98,502 for household expenses, $85,583 for family automobile expenses, another $182,608 for what appear to be more personal and household expenses, and an $11,000 partial payment on the purchase of a vacation home in Palm Springs, California. See complaint, ¶¶28, 30. If these allegations are true, it is no wonder that Krier no longer wanted "to associate with Michael Vilione as a business partner."
¶94 Krier, however, never alleged that he wanted to discontinue doing business with EOG Environmental. Quite to the contrary. At least for a period of time, his financial success was in part tied to having a continuing relationship with EOG Environmental.
¶95 In certain circumstances, the majority's misstatement may be nothing more than a minor error. Here, however, the majority misstates the allegation and then characterizes this misstated allegation as the "crux" of the plaintiffs' claim for damages: "The crux of the plaintiffs' claim for damages relates to the fact that they would have discontinued doing business with EOG Environmental had they known of the misappropriations." Majority op., ¶15.
¶96 Having denominated this misstated allegation as the "crux" of the plaintiffs' claim for damages, the majority then proceeds to build its entire damage analysis on this misstatement. The majority's analysis of damages is set forth in paragraphs 47-52. The misstated allegation appears in paragraph 48, twice in paragraph 49, and again in paragraphs 51 and 52.
¶97 The majority's analysis is but a house of cards that must fall because it misunderstands the "crux" of the plaintiffs' argument and builds its analysis on a foundation of repeated misstatement.
IV
¶98 Finally, the majority's lengthy discussion obfuscates what is really at issue in this case. Instead of focusing its discussion on the issue presented, the majority reaches out and raises all manner of issues not found in the parties' briefs——resolving them all in favor of the defendants.
¶99 As Chief Justice John Roberts has stated, a judge's job is like an umpire's——"to call balls and strikes, and not to pitch or bat."[24] The majority should focus on calling the pitch that the defendants have thrown and keep off the playing field.
¶100 The majority has determined that because the plaintiffs are not current shareholders of EOG Environmental, they cannot assert a derivative claim. Thus, the issue presented is whether they have standing to bring a direct claim against the accountants. This was the issue that the defendants argued in their motions for partial summary judgment and the issue that defendants raise in their briefs to this court.
¶101 Nevertheless, the majority reaches out and decides the following issues:
1. A
fiduciary duty can be limited in scope by public policy considerations,
majority op., ¶37——not briefed.
2. The
negligence claims must be precluded on public policy grounds, id.,
¶¶54-57——not briefed.
3. The
breach of fiduciary duty claim is barred under the statute of limitations for
intentional torts, id. ¶58——not briefed.
Curiously,
the majority adds a footnote indicating that it is applying the bar and
dismissing the claim without any consideration of an essential part of the
analysis——the discovery
rule. See id., ¶58, n.16.
4. "[T]he
summary judgment record is devoid of anything that would support" the
allegations that the defendants "concealed and conspired with Michael
Vilione to misappropriate funds from EOG Environmental and that they
fraudulently represented the financial status of the corporations," id.,
¶61——not briefed.
5. Defendants
did not breach a fiduciary duty to disclose information to the plaintiffs, id.,
¶¶62-67——not briefed.
¶102 I do not weigh in on the unbriefed issues that occupy so much of the
majority's attention. Opinions of this
court should not "reach out and decide issues that were not presented to
the court by the parties." Dairyland
Greyhound Park, Inc. v. Doyle, 2006 WI 107, ¶335, 295
¶103 For the reasons set forth above, I respectfully dissent.
¶104 I am authorized to state that CHIEF JUSTICE SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON joins this dissent.
[1] Krier v. Vilione, 2007
WI App 235, 306
[2] The Honorable Jeffrey A. Kremers granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment with respect to claims made by Henry J. Krier and Badger Investment Realty, LLC, and as a result, the circuit court ordered that all claims asserted by Henry J. Krier and Badger Investment Realty, LLC be dismissed on their merits, with taxable costs and disbursements allowed by law. Judgment was then entered; however, taxable costs and disbursements were only awarded to Virchow Krause & Company, LLP. As a result, Donald Vilione filed a motion requesting a review of the decision of the judgment clerk. Following judicial rotation, the Honorable Jean W. DiMotto ordered that the judgment that was entered be amended to reflect that Donald Vilione could also recover his taxable costs and disbursements.
With respect to Badger Disposal's claims, the Honorable Jeffrey A. Kremers granted partial summary judgment, and as a result, an order was issued dismissing those claims asserted by Badger Disposal for any damages that it suffered by virtue of or related in any way to alleged thefts from EOG Environmental.
[3] Hereinafter, the plaintiffs will collectively be referred to as "the plaintiffs" when referring to all of them, but individually Henry J. Krier will be referred to as "Krier," Badger Investment Realty, LLC will be referred to "Vil-Kri," and Badger Disposal of WI, Inc. will be referred to as "EOG Disposal."
[4] The court of appeals granted EOG Disposal's petition for leave to appeal from Judge Kremers' nonfinal order limiting the damages that EOG Disposal can pursue. Judge Kremers dismissed Krier and Vil-Kri's claims in their entirety and judgment was entered. Because their dismissal was a final judgment, Krier and Vil-Kri filed a separate appeal. The court of appeals ordered Krier and Vil-Kri's appeal to be consolidated with EOG Disposal's interlocutory appeal.
[5] Michael Vilione and Krier shared ownership in EOG Environmental, EOG Disposal, and Vil-Kri. The plaintiffs' claims in this case originate from Michael Vilione's alleged misappropriation from EOG Environmental. The defendant accountants in this case served as the accountants for all three corporations.
[6] See 2 Jay E.
Grenig & Nathan A.
[7] See 2 Grenig & Fishbach, supra, § 50.13 (discussing S-corporations).
[8] See 2 Grenig & Fishbach, supra, § 50.14 (discussing limited liability companies).
[9] See Krier v. EOG Envtl.,
Inc., 2005 WI App 256, 288
[10] Subsequent to the settlement agreement, Krier changed the name of EOG Disposal to Badger Disposal, Inc. and Vil-Kri to Badger Investments Realty, LLC.
[11] All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2007-08 version unless otherwise indicated.
[12] The expert came to this
mathematical conclusion by using the following methodology and stating so in
the expert witness report number two, page five:
In my opinion the Krier Loss is the difference between (i) the value as of June 30, 2005 that the EOG Entities would have had, absent the Vilione Stealing ($33,445,000) (the "Projected Entities Value"), multiplied by [] Krier's 47.17% ownership percentage ($15,776,007)( . . . ); and (ii) the value of [Krier's] ownership interest as of June 30, 2005 in Disposal and [Vil-Kri] ($4,000,000)( . . . ). The difference between these two amounts, $11,776,007, is the Krier Loss related to the Vilione Stealing.
We note, however, two potential problems with this calculation. First, as discussed later, these numbers are in part based off a separate corporation, EOG Environmental, to which Krier no longer has any ownership or stock interest. Second, to the extent this calculation is appropriate, Krier's loss is likely less than approximately $11 million because that figure represents his interest in all three corporations had they grown. However, Krier has an interest in only two of the three corporations. The $4 million figure presumably represents Krier's current interest in the two companies and not what would have been his interest had no "misappropriations" taken place.
[13] The dissent asserts that we
fail to apply the test for determining whether the action is direct or derivative. Hogwash; when corporate funds are
misappropriated, the injury to the corporation is the primary injury even
though shareholders suffer from those misappropriations. In order for a shareholder to have an
independent claim, the injury must be "one to the plaintiff as a
shareholder as an individual, and not to the corporation[;] for example, where
the action is based on a contract to which the shareholder is a party, or on a
right belonging severally to the shareholder, or on a fraud affecting the shareholder
directly, or where there is a duty owed to the individual independent of the
person's status as a shareholder, it is an individual action." 12B William Meade Fletcher, Fletcher
Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 5911 (perm. ed., rev. vol. 2009). Therefore, a derivative action and not a
direct action is appropriate in this case.
The dissent also asserts this case is inconsistent with Notz v. Everett Smith Group, Ltd., 2009 WI 30, ¶27 __ Wis. 2d __, 764 N.W.2d 904, because, in Notz, this court concluded that a plaintiff could bring a direct action when a constructive dividend was distributed to only some shareholders and not others. Our decision is not inconsistent with Notz because acting shareholders have a right to dividends paid on a pro rata basis equivalent to their ownership of corporate stock. Embezzlement, however, is distinguishable from a dividend. An injury from not receiving a dividend is to the shareholder. The injury from the embezzlement is to the corporation. A misappropriation is not a constructive dividend. Therefore, this case is unlike Notz or Jorgensen v. Water Works, Inc., 2001 WI App 135, 246 Wis. 2d 614, 630 N.W.2d 230, where plaintiffs did not receive their dividends or pro rata cash flow to which they were entitled. Here the injury is to the corporation.
[14] See Portnoy v. Kawecki Berylco Indus., Inc., 607 F.2d 765, 767 (7th Cir. 1979) (interpreting similar Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.1, Derivative Actions, in a like manner and stating that the underlying rationale is that "because a shareholder will receive at least an indirect benefit (in terms of increased shareholder equity) from any corporate recovery, he has an adequate interest in vigorously litigating the claim. A non-shareholder or one who loses his shareholder interest during the course of the litigation may lose any incentive to pursue the litigation adequately"). This does not address, however, whether one who once was a shareholder and initiated a lawsuit while being a shareholder can continue that lawsuit when he or she is no longer a shareholder.
[15] See Baumeister v. Automated Prods., Inc., 2004 WI 148, ¶¶18-21, 277 Wis. 2d 21, 690 N.W.2d 1 (concluding that the architect did not have a duty to supervise the construction of a church because the architect's contract stated he had no responsibility for construction of the church); Hatleberg v. Norwest Bank Wis., 2005 WI 109, ¶¶19-25, 283 Wis. 2d 234, 700 N.W.2d 15 (concluding that a trustee of a bank did not have a duty to review a trust document to ascertain whether it worked for the stated purpose of the trust); Hoida, Inc. v. M&I Midstate Bank, 2006 WI 69, ¶¶31-40, 291 Wis. 2d 283, 717 N.W.2d 17 (concluding that the duty of ordinary care for the bank did not include responsibility for subcontractor's payments because the lender's contract said the lender had no responsibility with regard to paying the subcontractors or with obtaining subcontracting lien waivers); Nichols v. Progressive N. Ins. Co., 2008 WI 20, ¶47, 308 Wis. 2d 17, 746 N.W.2d 220 (stating "[w]hile liability has been limited in a negligence case based on the absence of a duty, liability in the vast majority of negligence cases in Wisconsin is guided, when determining whether to limit liability, by consideration of public policy factors").
[16] The discovery rule could otherwise impact this analysis.
[17] An accountant's duty of confidentiality is governed by Wis. Admin. Code § Accy 1.301 (May 2004). It provides: "(1) No person licensed to practice as a certified public accountant shall disclose any confidential information obtained in the course of a professional engagement except with the consent of the client or through the due process of law." While an accountant's duty of confidentiality is not without exception, see § Accy 1.301(2), an accountant's duty to his or her client is difficult to circumvent.
[18] The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Code of Conduct, which has been specifically incorporated by reference in this state instructs as follows: Section 101.02, in relevant part, entitled "Application of the Independence Rules to Close Relatives."
1. An individual participating on the attest engagement team has a close relative who had
a. A key position with the client, or
b. A financial interest in the client that
(i) Was material to the close relative and
of which the individual has knowledge[.]
(Emphasis added.) See
[19] 2009 WI 30, __
[20] The majority specifically discusses the breach of fiduciary duty claims and the negligence claims, see majority op., ¶¶53-67, but it fails to specifically address others. It is not clear what happens to the remainder of these interrelated claims. For instance, it is difficult to see how the majority's analysis provides a legal basis for dismissing the plaintiffs' claim that the defendants violated the Wisconsin Organized Crime Control Act.
[21] The majority correctly
quotes from Fletcher that "generally," misappropriation gives rise to
derivative actions only. See majority op.,
¶31 (citing 12B William
Meade Fletcher, Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations §§ 5911, 5913, 5924
(perm. ed., rev. vol. 2009)). However, it fails to set forth additional
quotes from Fletcher that undermine its conclusion: "A shareholder may sue
to redress direct injuries to him or herself regardless of whether the same
violation injured the corporation."
12B Fletcher, supra, § 5911. "While the misappropriation . . . of corporate property
or assets ordinarily generates a claim in the corporation or derivatively in
its shareholders, minority shareholders may have an individual cause of action
in an appropriate case for damages that they alone have sustained, as where
majority shareholders have profited but plaintiff minority shareholders have been
wronged by a fraudulent sale of corporate assets."
[22] The majority takes issue with this statement, labeling it "hogwash." See majority op., ¶31, n.13. Such a response lends credence to the old adage, "When you have the law on your side, argue the law; when you have facts on your side, argue the facts; and when you have neither, holler." The majority's hollering, however, is no substitute for analysis.
The majority never examines whether the injury inflicted harm on Krier that Michael Vilione did not suffer or whether it affected Krier's rights "in a manner distinct from the effect upon" Michael Vilione. Instead, in a conclusory fashion, the majority ultimately determines that "[h]ere the injury is to the corporation" because "injury from the embezzlement is to the corporation." See majority op., ¶¶31, 31 n.10.
[23] I did not join the Notz majority, in part because I was unsure of what the court meant by the term "constructive dividend," as it was not defined in Notz or in any of our case law. However, if the term "constructive dividend" applied to the facts alleged in Notz, it is also applicable here.
[24] Confirmation Hearing on the
Nomination of John G. Roberts, Jr., to be Chief Justice of the