COURT OF APPEALS DECISION DATED AND FILED April 27, 2010 David
R. Schanker Clerk of Court of Appeals |
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NOTICE |
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This opinion is subject to further editing. If published, the official version will appear in the bound volume of the Official Reports. A party may file with the Supreme Court a petition to review an adverse decision by the Court of Appeals. See Wis. Stat. § 808.10 and Rule 809.62. |
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Appeal Nos. |
2008AP3185-CR |
2001CF2246 |
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STATE OF WISCONSIN |
IN COURT OF APPEALS |
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DISTRICT I |
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State of Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Andre T. Crowder, Defendant-Appellant. |
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APPEAL
from judgments and an order of the circuit court for
Before Curley, P.J., Fine and Brennan, JJ.
¶1 PER CURIAM. Andre T. Crowder appeals from an amended judgment and a judgment of conviction for a variety of offenses, and from a consolidated postconviction order denying his motion for a new trial.[1] The issue is whether the prosecutor’s four stated reasons, one of which was a gender-related consideration, for exercising a peremptory strike in response to Crowder’s timely objection on the basis of race, allows an otherwise untimely objection to the use of that same peremptory strike on the basis of gender. We conclude that Crowder waived his belated gender-based objection to the prosecutor’s use of a peremptory strike notwithstanding his timely albeit unsuccessful racially-based challenge. Therefore, we affirm.
¶2 A jury found Crowder guilty of possessing over 100 grams of cocaine with intent to deliver, second-degree recklessly endangering safety, operating a vehicle without the owner’s consent, intentionally fleeing from an officer, and possessing a firearm as a felon, each as a habitual criminal.[2] The trial court imposed an aggregate sentence of twenty-nine years of initial confinement and fourteen years of extended supervision. Crowder moved for a new trial, contending that the prosecutor removed a prospective juror because of her gender. The basis for Crowder’s gender-based objection was taken from one of the prosecutor’s four race-neutral reasons for striking that same prospective juror when timely challenged on the basis of race. The trial court denied the motion, ruling that Crowder waived this gender-based objection. Crowder appeals.
¶3 During the voir dire phase of the jury trial, Crowder raised
a Batson
objection to the prosecutor’s use of a peremptory strike to remove an
African-American woman from the panel of prospective jurors. See Batson v.
[Crowder’s trial counsel] felt it was important in this case to know whether people had driver’s licenses. [This prospective juror] indicated that she does not have a driver’s license which would indicate either she’s lost her license for some reason or has never had one. So that was a factor.
She indicated – One of the few individuals on the jury – indicated she was not at all familiar with Highway 41. She indicated she was single as opposed to married. Generally, I prefer if there is a choice between single or married generally married. Not always, but I think they have more experience, more connection to the community or settled in their views and experience and also because of just the general make up of the jury. I like to have somewhat of a balance between men and women and in this particular case we had quite a few more women on the jury than men and she is a woman so that was another reason.
So those were the non-racial reasons that I chose to strike [that prospective juror].
The trial court overruled Crowder’s Batson objection.
¶4 Crowder then filed a consolidated postconviction motion for a
new trial, contending for the first time that the prosecutor’s exercise of a
peremptory strike to remove that same prospective juror was gender-based.[3] See
J.E.B.
v.
¶5 Crowder waived this challenge by failing to timely object to
the prosecutor’s peremptory strike on the basis of gender.
First, this procedure will promote the efficient and economic administration of justice. It will allow the trial court to promptly address the issue and make any necessary decisions without great disruption to the process of impaneling a jury. When no objection is made until after the jury is sworn, the possibility for an immediate remedy for unconstitutional action has been lost. Second, the early objection assists the defendant, opposing counsel and the trial court by making an objection while the parties’ and the trial court’s recollections of the voir dire questioning are still fresh. This will help the trial courts and parties achieve the fairest and most appropriate result. Third, our holding creates a “bright-line” test that is easy to follow.
Finally, our decision is in accord with the majority of courts that have addressed this issue.
¶6 Crowder contends that waiver does not apply because his timely Batson objection preserved the record of the prosecutor’s reasons for exercising a peremptory strike. Crowder contends that the prosecutor’s reasons for striking this same prospective juror, while not racially motivated, evinced a gender bias.
¶7 In response to Crowder’s Batson objection, the prosecutor
mentioned that he “like[s] to have somewhat of a balance between men and women
and in this particular case we had quite a few more women on the jury than men
and [this prospective juror] is a woman so that was another reason [to strike
her].” The significance of seeking a
gender-balanced jury was never explored because the timely objection was to
race, not to gender.[4] The record is insufficient to determine
whether the removal of that prospective juror was “motivated in substantial
part by discriminatory intent.”[5] Snyder v.
¶8 Crowder’s timely albeit unsuccessful Batson objection to the
prosecutor’s peremptory strike does not salvage his belated objection to the
removal of this same prospective juror for an entirely different reason because
the principal concerns we addressed in Jones are not alleviated, namely,
the trial court remains deprived of the prompt opportunity to immediately
remedy the issue without disrupting jury selection. See Jones, 218
By the Court.—Judgments and order affirmed.
This opinion will not be published. See Wis. Stat. Rule 809.23(1)(b)5.
[1] The Honorable William Sosnay presided over the jury trial and imposed sentence in these cases. The Honorable Kevin E. Martens decided Crowder’s consolidated postconviction motion.
[2] The cases underlying these appeals were consolidated for trial and sentencing. All of these convictions, except possessing a firearm as a felon, were in the case underlying Appeal No. 2008AP3184-CR; the firearm conviction was in the case underlying Appeal No. 2008AP3185-CR.
[3] Crowder also raised an unrelated challenge that he does not pursue on appeal.
[4] The prosecutor’s expressed reason, albeit in response to a race-based objection, was that he was seeking “a balance between men and women.” The absence of a timely gender-based objection precluded further exploration of the prosecutor’s motive and reasons in that regard.
[5] Crowder
contends that our decisions in State v. King, 215