COURT OF APPEALS DECISION DATED AND RELEASED October 1, 1996 |
NOTICE |
A party may file with the
Supreme Court a petition to review an adverse decision by the Court of
Appeals. See § 808.10 and
Rule 809.62, Stats. |
This opinion is subject to
further editing. If published, the
official version will appear in the bound volume of the Official Reports. |
No. 96-0662
STATE
OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF
APPEALS
DISTRICT I
In the Interest of
Latrese Renee P.,
Shauntae Lazon P.,
Charles Anthony
Darnell P. and Shakia
Charmaine P.,
Persons Under the Age
of 18:
State of Wisconsin,
Petitioner-Respondent,
v.
Gwen L.P.,
Respondent-Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of
the circuit court for Milwaukee County:
RUSSELL W. STAMPER, Judge. Affirmed.
SCHUDSON, J.[1] Gwen L.P. appeals from the trial court order
terminating her parental rights to Latrese Renee P., Shauntae Lazon P., Charles
Anthony Darnell P., and Shakia Charmaine P.
She argues that the trial court applied improper statutory standards and
that the evidence did not support the trial court's finding. This court affirms.
On January 22, 1993, the
trial court entered an order finding the four children in need of protection or
services and placing the children in foster homes. The dispositional CHIPS order was extended annually until the
State petitioned for termination of parental rights on May 15, 1995.
The State alleged
grounds for the termination of parental rights under § 48.415(2), Stats., which, in the predecessor
version of the statute applicable to the period involved in this case, provided
that grounds for termination shall be:
Continuing Need
Of Protection Or Services. Continuing
need of protection or services may be
established by a showing of all of the following:
(a)
That the child has been adjudged to be in need of protection or services and
placed, or continued in a placement, outside his or her home pursuant to one or
more court orders under s. 48.345, 48.357, 48.363 or 48.365 containing the
notice required by s. 48.356(2).
(b)
That the agency responsible for the care of the child and the family has made a
diligent effort to provide the services ordered by the court.
(c) That the child has been outside the home
for a cumulative total period of one year or longer pursuant to such orders,
the parent has substantially neglected, wilfully refused or been unable to meet
the conditions established for the return of the child to the home and there is
a substantial likelihood that the parent will not meet these conditions in the
future.
At the court trial on
the termination petition, criteria (a) and (b) were never in dispute. The parties, however, did contest Gwen
L.P.'s alleged noncompliance with the conditions for return and the likelihood
of her future compliance.
On appeal, Gwen L.P.
first argues that the trial court “erred in using the wrong statutory
standards” and that its order terminating her parental rights “conflates two
different sets of statutory factors.”
Whether a trial court
has utilized the proper legal standard governing termination of parental rights
presents a question of law we decide de novo. See State v.
Patricia A.P., 195 Wis.2d 855, 862, 537 N.W.2d 47, 49-50 (Ct.App.
1995). Gwen L.P. maintains that the trial
court utilized the version of § 48.415(2), Stats.,
as amended in 1994. While identical in
subsections (a) and (b), the amended version of subsection (c) differs from its
predecessor and provides:
(c) That the child has been outside the home
for a cumulative total period of one year or longer pursuant to such orders or,
if the child had not attained the age of 3 years at the time of the initial
order placing the child outside of the home, that the child has been outside
the home for a cumulative total period of 6 months or longer pursuant to such
orders; and that the parent has failed to demonstrate substantial progress
toward meeting the conditions established for the return of the child to the
home and there is a substantial likelihood that the parent will not meet these
conditions within the 12-month period following the fact-finding hearing under
s. 48.424.
Gwen L.P. argues that
“[t]he new statutory language not only changes the type of conduct needed to
establish termination, but also changes the burden that the State must
meet.” She contends that “the court's
order clearly conflates these statutory standards when it finds that Gwen P.
has failed to demonstrate substantial progress toward meeting the conditions of
return in that she has substantially neglected, willfully refused or been
unable to meet those conditions.” Thus,
she maintains, the trial court “failed to make the distinction between the old
and new statutory language.”
In a narrow sense, the
record offers some support for Gwen L.P.'s argument. In both its stated verdicts and written order, the trial court
used, in part, the words of the amended statute. It did so, however, in addition to the words of the old statute.
Gwen L.P. raised no
objection to the trial court's articulation of the standard. Although at one point on appeal Gwen L.P.
argues that the trial court used the wrong standard, she also contends that the
trial court conflated the two standards.
Notably, however, she never identifies which standard she believes
should have applied, or how references to the terminology of both the old and
new subsection violated her rights in any way.
Moreover, Gwen L.P. does
not dispute the State's argument: that
the chronology of her case required application of the old statute; that the
State litigated the case utilizing the old statute;[2]
and that the old statute establishes a heavier burden on the State than the new
statute. See Patricia A.P.,
195 Wis.2d at 864, 537 N.W.2d at 51 (“The change in the type of conduct for
which termination is possible changes the burden on the State. The ground under the new law is far easier
to establish that the grounds under the old law.”). Thus, this court concludes that Gwen L.P. has failed to establish
that the trial erred in its application of the legal standard for termination
under § 48.415(2), Stats.
Gwen L.P. next argues
that the trial evidence does not support the trial court's termination
order. She maintains that the evidence
“demonstrated that [she] was making progress, contradicting the court's finding
that she failed to show substantial progress.”
A trial court must
evaluate the credibility of witnesses and weigh the evidence, See Blankenship
v. Computers & Training, Inc., 158 Wis.2d 702, 709, 462 N.W.2d 918,
921 (Ct.App. 1990), and this court will not overturn a trial court's factual
findings unless they are clearly erroneous.
See 805.17(2), Stats. Here, the issue was whether, under the old
version of § 48.415(2) Stats.,
Gwen L.P. “has substantially neglected, wilfully refused or been unable to meet
the conditions established for the return of the child[ren] to the home and
there is a substantial likelihood that [Gwen L.P.] will not meet these
conditions in the future.”
Gwen L.P. argues:
The
evidence at trial showed Gwen P. had made a number of improvements in her life,
including completing parenting classes, demonstrating a drug and alcohol free
life style, having plenty of food in the house, starting individual counseling,
and obtaining medical care for the children currently in her care as shown by
their shot records.
The
psychological evaluation done in 1992 had two main recommendations before the
children could return home. Gwen needed
to complete parenting classes and needed to participate in psychotherapy. Since at trial Gwen testified she had
completed the classes, only one other
condition remained.
Furthermore,
at trial the psychologist testified that therapy typically should consist of
weekly sessions for a three month period of time. Given the three month time period mentioned by the psychologist,
this condition could be easily met within twelve months of the trial.[3]
Finally, the trial court erred by ignoring the
fact that Gwen's parenting skills have substantially increased by a review of
her court history. In 1991, her
daughter Shauntae was returned to her.
Although Gwen's [four] children [involved in this termination case] were
removed in 1992, she had three [other] children [not involved in this case]
living with her on the date of trial that had not been removed from her home.
The State responds that
“the past and present performance of the parent must be used to gauge the
likelihood of future compliance.”
Summarizing additional evidence, the State therefore argues:
The
evidence as to Gwen L.P.'s likelihood of future non-compliance with the
conditions of return was based on both the overwhelming nature of her past
non-compliance over a period of nearly three years under conditions of return,
as well as extremely strong evidence of her failure to show substantial
evidence of compliance on the date of trial.
Her
residential pattern remained transient, it was no cleaner than her past
residences, which homes were deplorable and hideously filthy. She had no beds for the children and the
furnishings were minimal.
Gwen
L.P. had barely started alcohol and other drug abuse (AODA) and other
counseling on the eve of trial, for which there was no follow-through, and many
missed appointments; she was discharged from the Milwaukee Women's Center for
failure to show up as recently as October 13, 1995. This followed many years of referrals which Gwen L.P. never
utilized.
Testimony
of Dr. Suzanne Lisowski, who had performed a psychological evaluation upon Gwen
L.P. in 1992, established that the fundamental emotional, intellectual and
achievement inadequacies observed in 1992 would remain the same if left
unaddressed. No testimony was ever
provided in the trial to rebut the baseline findings of Dr. Lisowski in 1992
that Gwen L.P. labored under serious intellectual, behavioral, emotional and
achievement deficiencies.
She
totally failed to co-operate with Mothercare, a home-based assistance program,
which failure was as recent as mid-October 1995, just one month prior to trial.
Gwen
L.P.'s only completed parenting class was in 1993 which was clearly no longer
age-appropriate for children who had since aged two years in development.
Visitation
and communication, which had been a chronic problem in Gwen L.P.'s relationship
with her children, remained almost non-existent, consisting recently of one
visit at MCDHS and one visit in October or November, 1995.
Medical
care and vaccinations for the children remained problematic, in that it took
public health personnel over a year, in 1995, to gain compliance by Gwen L.P.
to obtain vaccinations for the three children residing in her home.
Gwen L.P. was also ordered to meet with
professional service providers for her children, which conditions had never
been met, up to the date of trial.
This court has examined
the full trial record. It includes
evidence corresponding to the representations and summaries of both parties on
appeal. Although the evidence included
factors in support of Gwen L.P.'s argument, the evidence also was replete with
factors supporting the trial court's findings that Gwen L.P. “has substantially
neglected, wilfully refused or been unable to meet those conditions” and that
she “is unlikely to meet any conditions of return in the future and that she is
unfit.”
By the Court.—Order
affirmed.
This opinion will not be
published. See RULE
809.23(1)(b)4, Stats.
[2] Indeed, Gwen L.P. argues that “the State clearly uses the old statutory criteria in its questioning of the social worker” at the trial.
[3] Here, Gwen L.P. seems to be arguing under the twelve-month standard of the amended §48.415(2), Stats., although elsewhere in her brief she implies that application of the new standard would have constituted error and, as mentioned, she does not dispute the State's argument that the predecessor statute was applied.